跪求literal translation的英文定义和free translation的英文定义 （每个400字左右） 十分感谢！
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发布时间：2022-04-24 11:50
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时间：2023-10-11 19:13
Translation of neologisms into Chinese generally follows three principles: free translation (意译, literally "translation according to meaning") and transcription (音译, literally "translation according to sound") or a combination of the two.
Literal translation, or direct translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another "word-for-word" (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") rather than conveying the sense of the original. (This distinction is valid only when a literal translation does not accurately convey the sense, which is not invariably true.)
In translation studies, "literal translation" denotes technical translation of scientific, technical, technological or legal texts. In translation theory, another term for "literal translation" is "metaphrase"; and for phrasal ("sense") translation — "paraphrase." When considered a bad practice of conveying word by word (lexeme to lexeme, or morpheme to lexeme) translation of non-technical type literal translations has the meaning of mistranslating idioms, for example, or in the context of translating an analytic language to a synthetic language, it renders even the grammar unintelligible.
Free translation
意译／意译; yìyì, literally "translation according to meaning"
In Chinese, traditionally, free translations are used for translating of non-proper nouns (proper nouns include names of people, places, countries, etc.). Most non-proper noun terms are introced into modern Chinese using this method, including many names re-inegrated into Chinese from Japanese terms, which where originally translated from Chinese kanji, ring the 19th and 20th century. This is opposed to transcription (see below).
Examples:
Basketball - 篮球 lánqiú, "basket ball"
Physics - 物理 wùlǐ, "logics [of]/reasons [behind] matter/things", first introced by Fang Yi (方以智)
Chemistry - 化学 huàxué, "subject [of] transformations", first introced by Xu Shou (徐寿, generally regarded)
Mobile phone - 手机 shǒujī, "hand device/machine"
