急求一篇全英文的论文

发布网友 发布时间：2022-04-24 02:05

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共9个回答

热心网友 时间：2022-04-12 11:26

帮你弄一篇吧
我选的是第二个题目

Information and communications technology to China

China has experienced rapid growth within the information and communications technology (ICT) instry over the past decade, and now plays a leading role in China’s economic development.

As a result of China’s ‘opening up’ policy and path of economic reform, China’s electronic communications instry has grown at three times the rate of GDP growth. In 2006, China’s electronic communications instry revenue reached RMB475 billion.

The total value of foreign trade reached US$651.7 billion representing over 15 per cent of the global electronics trade, with the output of many electronic procts ranked first worldwide. These electronics procts include:
• colour TVs
• mobile phone handsets
• computers
• electronic watches
• calculators
• DVDs
China’s accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) provided a transitional period for opening up its telecom sector which lasted until November 2007. Consequently, this has assisted China to develop one of the largest open telecom markets in the world. The Value Added Services (VAS) sector is expected to contribute to this growth, as one of the hottest market entry sectors for foreign ICT companies.

Through the Ministry of Information Instry (MII), the Chinese Government administers foreign direct investment into the telecommunications sector. This includes basic infrastructure and value added services, however, with various restrictions on foreign ownership levels. From 1 December 2007, a new set of Categories of Foreign Investment Instry Guidance 2007 Amended Version has been implemented, superseding the previous version issued on 30 November 2004, and providing new levels of guidance on foreign direct investment in the various instry sectors.

To ensure China’s telecommunications market operates in a fair, transparent and effective competitive environment, China’s first Telecommunications Law has been drafted and is currently undergoing a process of public consultation before being enacted. This should provide further guidance and protection to both investors and operators, in addition to the various regulations currently in place.
With China entering its 11th Five Year Plan period, ICT has also moved from 'enabling and promoting' to 'strengthening instry integration and indigenous innovations'. The key focuses are to:
• Continue increasing overall integrated ICT service levels
• Increase and improve the development of ICT infrastructure
• Strengthen the indigenous innovation in core instries
• Focus on incubating strategic instry clusters
• Proactively promote the integrated development of all ICT sectors
• Strengthen the modernisation of post services
• Strengthen the administration of radio communications
• Increase the supportive capability of ICT infrastructure to the national economy
By 2010, the targeted penetration levels for fixed telecommunication in China is anticipated to reach 30 per cent of its population to one billion subscribers in operation (SIO), and 45 per cent penetration in mobile communications to 600 million SIOs. Internet users are anticipated to reach 200 million with 15 per cent penetration.
Telecommunications
Since the first wireless mobile phone base station was installed on 18 November 1987, China reached 531.4 million mobile SIOs at the end of October 2007. Therefore, China has the highest number of mobile phone subscribers in the world. The vast number of SIOs also generated 483.7 billion short message services (SMS). Due to China’s large population, mobile penetration in China is still considered low at 39.9 per cent when compared with most developed countries. This presents substantial growth opportunities for companies within the China market.

Fixed communications grew slightly lower than mobile communications with a total of 370 million SIOs, representing a 28.3 per cent penetration rate.

China has over 22,000 registered companies providing Value Added Services to the telecom sector. There are six major telecommunications operators in China:
• China Telecom
• China Mobile
• China Satellite Company
• China Unicom
• China Netcom
• China Railway Communications
Software and system integration
In 2006, the size of China’s domestic software market reached RMB480 billion. The total number of registered software companies increased to 15,723 with over 1.29 million people employed in the software instry. There were over 35 companies with a turnover exceeding RMB1 billion, and 51 companies with turnover in the range of RMB0.5–1 billion. Furthermore, more than 80 software companies had over 1,000 employees.

There are currently 38 companies with CMM5 (Capability Maturity Model For Software) certifications, the highest level of an internationally recognized certification program for software companies. In addition, 23 companies achieved CMM4 certifications and over 200 companies were awarded CMM3 certifications. The increasing number of Chinese software companies seeking and achieving CMM certification demonstrates their enhanced software development capabilities and overall proct quality to compete in the global market.
Internet
Since China sent out the first email 'Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world' on 20 September 1987, the diffusion of the Internet in China has grown in parallel with the development and expansion of the overall telecom infrastructure. China has become the world’s second largest Internet user country with an estimated 162 million users behind the US with 211 million users. In addition, at the end of June 2007, China had 67 million Internet connected computers and over 1.3 million websites. The total bandwidth to the world reached 312,346Mbps with annual growth rate of 45.8 per cent.

Although China’s Internet instry has achieved significant growth, the penetration is still very low at 12.3 per cent, as compared with the global average of 17.6 per cent. There is clear 'unequitable' access to the Internet between urban and rural areas with 21.6 per cent as compared to 5.1 per cent respectively.

ADSL, dial-Up and wireless (including mobile phone access) are the three key access methods of accessing the Internet in China. Broadband SIOs have grown very quickly. As at December 2007, broadband users reached 122 million, the largest user country in the world, with a penetration rate of 17.5 per cent. In 2007, 30 per cent of the new broadband users were from rural areas. In addition, there are also 20.2 million dial-Up users.

The key applications for Internet users in China are searching for news, instant messaging, and entertainment (music, video and games). There has been a growing trend of e-commerce related activities including net-shopping, travel booking, online stock market trading and banking. It is expected e-commerce related applications and services will become one of the key growth areas in the future.

Although there has been increasing trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Internet- related infrastructure, applications and services such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Application Service Provider (ASPs), and Internet Content Provider (ICPs) are yet to open up to foreign providers, and there are strict content management and approval processes in place to ensure that the Internet is used to enhance social responsibility and harmony.

The challenges facing China’s Internet instry include:
• Equitable access to the Internet between urban and rural areas to break the 'digital divide'.
• Level of information and technology knowledge among small to medium enterprises.
• Overall quality and applications of the Internet, to improve the proctivity and be more competitive on the global market.
• Integration of information and communication technologies within all instry sectors.
Opportunities
The development of China’s ICT instry provides opportunities in a number of areas, which include the following:
• Telecommunications infrastructure
o 3G/4G wireless communications
o IP based technologies
o Rural telecommunications
o Network integration and billing
• Value Added Services
o e-Learning
o Entertainment
o Mobile applications
• E-Commerce
o Online payment and mobile payment
o e-Security
o Integrated logistics application and management
• Instry application
o Telematics
o Remote metering
o Geo-spatial application
o Environment and clean technology applications
o Finance and banking
o Security
o Digital content
• New Technologies and applications and materials
o IPTV
o New digital audio systems
o Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
o Nanotechnologies
o Energy efficiency materials
Tariffs, regulations and customs
Tariffs for ICT procts and services vary depending on the category classification and what level of Chinese indigenous component is included. Certain ICT procts exported to China are subject to China Compulsory Certification, known as 3CCC certification.

As a result of China's commitments for accession into the WTO, China has applied zero tariffs to 256 categories of ICT procts. To determine the exact category and the level of tariffs applied, if any, it is recommended that experienced customs brokers specialised in ICT procts are consulted.
Marketing your procts and services
Market entry
Depending upon your company’s situation and strategic direction, there are various vehicles that can be utilised for entry into the Chinese ICT market. These include:
• Wholly owned foreign enterprises (WOFEs)
• Joint ventures (JVs)
• Value added resellers (VARs)
• Distributors
A new and emerging type of entry vehicle, Virtual Entry, has been utilised by many small and medium (SME) companies. A Chinese domain name is registered with all the content translated into the local language, however, operations are concted offshore in the home country. Each vehicle requires a different set of requirements and investment strategies.

The Chinese Government’s aim is to become more transparent in awarding large projects. A public tender is normally published via media inviting Expression of Interests from interested and suitable companies. In some circumstances, foreign companies find it useful to form a partnership with suitable local companies to promote awareness of their capabilities. Establishing good relationships with key stakeholders are vital so that a company can be in a better position to access information and prepare a submission. However, many other projects are done via local network. In these circumstances it is often necessary to work with a local partner with a similar instry capability and background.

If your procts or applications do not require local modification and are 'plug and play', you may sell your procts and services via a local distributor. This can occur once customs import procere is cleared and passes through relevant network-access tests if applicable.

If your procts and applications require localisation, translation, further development and local integration, then a local service integrator needs to be engaged. This can be done via a joint venture partner or a service contractor, prior to selling to the end users, especially in financial and other sensitive categories.

In most of the cases, except games and English language learning applications, it is most likely that your procts and applications will have to be 'localised' to suit the local market environment. This is especially important for accounting, intelligent transportation systems, finance and banking, and security applications.

Registration of a company is relatively easy in China once you meet all the requirements. Different company structures require different start-up capital funding. There can be regional variations to company registration requirements. It is recommended that you research well and consult widely before making a final investment decision.

刚才算了一下，大概是1700多字

热心网友 时间：2022-04-12 12:44

你好，我回答的是第三个题目，仅供参考，希望对你有帮助哦

What are the most important culture differences and elements of intercultural communication?

As we all know, different countries have different cultures. 'Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.' (Hofstede, 1991)
It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company having meeting, the word "table" in American English that means to put something on the agenda. But in British English it means to put something off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business.
There are four cultural dimensions that were defined in Hofstede's research: Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Indivialism, Masculinity, and recently Hofstede add one more: long-term-short-term orientation.
What I think the most significant influence in cultural difference is the power distance. (Hoecklin,1995:28)"It would condition the extent to which employees accept that their boss has more power than they have and the extent to which they accept that their boss's opinions and decisions are right because he or she is the boss." I considered it as how much subordinates can consent or dissent with bosses or managers. It is the distance between a manager and subordinate. Among most oriental corporate cultures, there is hierarchism, greater centralization, sometimes called 'power-oriented culture', e to the historical reasons. That is a high power distance culture that mangers make the decision and superiors appeal to be entitled more privileges. Their decision always close supervision positively evaluated by subordinates. In this situation, it is not be regarded if a subordinates have a disagreement with their managers, especially in Malaysia, Japan, China, India.
In the oriental, power distance is also associated with 'the family culture' (Trompernaars, 1993:139). In this kind of corporate culture the manager is like the "caring father" who knows better than his subordinates what should be done and what is suitable for them. The subordinates always esteem the managers. Because of the managers age and experience. That is usually how employees get their promotion. There are both positive and negative parts in the family cultures. I feel it is an easy managing system. But sometime it is hard to get young creative employees work well cause of the hierarchy. As Tropmenaars (1993: 142) told us "family culture at their least effective drain the energies and loyalties of subordinates to buoy up the leader." So in family culture, the power distance can be viewed as the subordinates respect the superiors.
That is the corporate culture in orient. Let us take a look at the western way. It is not a whole converse phenomenon. There is 'the Eiffel Tower culture' (Trompernaars, 1997:166) in the international management. About the Eiffel tower Trompenaars (1993: 148) told us " Its hierarchy is very different from that of the family. Each higher level has a clear and demonstrable function of holding together the level beneath it." German, Austrian have the characteristic of the Eiffel Tower Culture, which is a low power distance. In the lower power dis tance, (Hoecklin, 1995:31) 'higher-ecated employees hold much less authoritarian values than lower-ecated ones.' The obedience showed from the subordinates to the superiors is not as much as the oriental way. The leadership can be called as hierarchy and consensus. Employee can have different opinion with his/her boss. And when he/she got different ideas, he/she can go all the way up to the boss and discuss the problem. This is a good thing usually company may explore all the potentials of its employees, because sometime the subordinates may have the better&nb sp;idea of the business.
I think because of the different realization of power distance, people behave completely different in business. So conflict and misunderstanding must be emerged when two or more intercultures meet up. Under this situation, the international managers must pay attention to the clashes and be aware of. How to work the subordinates together efficiently and more cooperatively is important too.
And then there is also a large discrepancy on the uncertainty avoidance. (Hoecklin, 1995:31) defined 'Uncertainty avoidance is the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules.' That means people trying to setup rules to face to the uncertainty. There is high uncertainty avoidance in most oriental countries such as Japan, China. In these countries, people prefer a stable job. They feel safe and prideful when they keep working hard at the one place. Under this circumstance, an excellent manager should keep his employee away from unpredictable ;risk. And the employee would like to be worked within groups rather than independently cause of the less risk-taking. But in most western countries, there is low uncertainty avoidance showed, whereas high job mobility occurs in those countries such as USA, Denmark, Singapore. The western people think that when they change their jobs, they can get more experience cause they like challenge. I believe that the divergence of the uncertainty avoidance is from different basic social ideology. A competent manager should pay attention on the rules setting between different uncer tainty avoidance.

热心网友 时间：2022-04-12 14:19

给你个翻译网站呢：http://translate.google.com/translate_t#

你只要先把问题翻译出来，再把你想说的中文（论文）翻译出来就行了。放心，你绝对看得懂！o(∩_∩)o...

~★~多给我点追加分哦~☆~

（不过，小妹这网站只为了应急，建议你还是自己写比较好……瞒得了初一瞒不过十五啊！你得为你自己以后打算啊……）

热心网友 时间：2022-04-12 16:10

我这里有7篇研究生论文.都是很齐全的,我自己毕业就用的那个
但是好象内容和你的不大符合
你要是能自立题目的话，可以找我
删节一下就能用

热心网友 时间：2022-04-12 18:18

强

热心网友 时间：2022-04-12 20:43

200块人民币可能都嫌少。建议你去搜搜国外的论文网站，多找几篇，改改再抄，查出来你就废了

热心网友 时间：2022-04-12 23:24

被查到抄袭你就死定了，还是自己慢慢写吧

热心网友 时间：2022-04-13 02:22

花钱就行了 可能你的搜索技术还不行

热心网友 时间：2022-04-13 05:37

BS你