诊断标准:
智力障碍(智力发育障碍)是起病于发育时期,在概念、社交和实用领域中的智力和适应功能的缺陷。须符合以下三个诊断标准:
A 经临床评估和个体化、标准化的智力评测确认的智力功能障碍,如推理、问题解决、计划、抽象思维、判断、学业学习和基于经验的学习。
B 适应功能缺陷造成未能达到发育及社会文化相称的个人独立性及社会责任标准。在没有持续帮助的情况下,该适应功能缺陷限制了其在多个环境中,如家庭、学校、工作和社区,的一个或多个日常生活功能,如交流、社会参与和独立生活。
C 智力和适应缺陷起病于发育时期。
严重程度则基于 ICD-10-CM 编码如下:
严重度
概念领域 社交领域
实用领域
在个人护理方面其能力与年龄相称。 但是在复杂的日常生活行为上与同龄相较需要帮助。
轻
在学龄前儿童,可能没有 相较之下,其社交技巧不成熟。比如,
明显的概念区别。对于学 在准确感知同伴的社交线索方面存在
龄儿童和成人,存在学习 困难。交流、对话和语言相较于匹配年
困难,包括读、写、计算、 龄更为具体化及不成熟。 往往能被同伴
时间金钱的概念,在一个 注意到其在以年龄相称的方式控制行
或多个领域需要帮助以达 为及情绪方面存在困难。 难以完全体会
到年龄预期的水平。在成 到社交风险,社交判断不成熟,存在被
人,则有抽象思维、执行 他人控制的风险(受骗)。
功能(如计划、策略、最
优设定及认知灵活性)、
在成人身上,购物、交通、家务及照顾儿童及财务管理等方面需要帮助。娱乐活动的技能则与同龄人相近,不过在安全相关及组织方面任需要帮助。在成人,可胜任不需要抽象思维的的工作。在作出医疗卫生及法律相关决策以及学习胜任完成熟练技巧性的工作等方面需要帮助。在供养家庭方面也是典型的需要帮助。
短时记忆以及对学业能力 的应用(如读、财务管理)
的受损。对于问题及解决 方案相较于同龄人更显得
具体化。
严重度
概念领域
社交领域
实用领域
作为成年人,可以完成诸如进食、穿衣、排泄
及卫生等个人需求。虽然需要更多的教育及时间才能在这些方面获得独立,并且需要人提醒。
中
虽然有在成长, 但是概念技
巧落后于同龄儿。在学龄
在整个发育阶段,社交及交流行为与同
龄儿相比有显著不同。 通常主要的交流
前儿童,语言能力及入学 前学业技巧发展缓慢。在 学龄期儿童,读、写、计 算、理解时间和金钱方面 进展缓慢,并且与同伴相 方式是口语,但是与同龄儿相比显著的 更简单。
发展关系显著与家庭及朋友相关,但个 体可能在人生中获得成功的友情关系
甚至在成人期获得浪漫关系。 然而个体 可能不能准确的接受或解读社交线索。 社交判断及决策能力有限, 监护人需要 在生活决策提供帮助。 与正常个体发展 友谊经常为交流及社会能力的局限所
影响。在需要成功完成的工作上, 显著 的需要社交及交流的帮助。
相应的,成人期亦可完成在家务活动, 但是同样需要额外的教育,并且要完成成人水平的工作往往需要持续帮助。
较明显受限。
在成人,学业能力发展典型
而言仅限于初级水平,在
工作和生活中需要学业技
巧的地方均需要帮助。完
成日常生活中概念性任务
时需要持续的帮助,甚至
需要他人完全接管。
个体作为雇员可以完成需要有限的概念及 交流技巧的工作, 但需要同事、 上司等的帮助来应对涉及到社会期望、 复杂性工作及附带责任的如计划安排、 交通、健康福利及财务管理。
个体可发展出众多的娱乐技能。 但往往需要额外的帮助及时间来教学。 极个别的存在适应性不良行为并导致社会问题。
严重度
概念领域
概念化技能的习得有限。 个 体通常对书面语言及涉及 到数字、数量、时间及金 钱的概念理解有限。在一 身中监护人均需要提供解 决问题的额外帮助。
社交领域
实用领域
个体在日常生活的所有活动均需要帮助, 包括 进食、穿衣、洗澡级排泄。在任何时间个体 均需要监护。个体无法在涉及自己及他人安 全上做出负责任的决策。在成人,参与家庭 任务、娱乐及工作均需要帮助。在所有领域 的技能均需要长期的教学及不断的帮助。不
适应行为, 如自残,在极少数群体中有表现。
重
在词汇及语法方面个体的口语水平有
限。话语可能是单独的字或词, 以及可 能通过辅助的方式补充。 交流的内容局 限于当下的日常生活事件。 语言更多地 用于社会交流而不是表达。 个体能够理 解简单的演讲及手势交流。 同家庭成员 及熟悉个体的关系是快乐及帮助的来 源。
显著
概念化技巧往往涉及实体
世界而非象征性过程。个
体能够使用对象通过目标
个体对于语言或手势的象征性交流的理 解十分局限, 可能理解一些简单的指导 或手势。其表达自己的需求和感情大多 通过非语言非象征的交流方式。
个体享受同熟悉的家庭成员、监护人、 熟人的关系, 并且通过手势或情感线索 发起或回应社交互动。 共患的感觉或躯 体损伤可能影响一些社会行为。
导向的方式完成自我照 顾、工作及娱乐。
一些特定的视觉空间技能,
如通过物质特性匹配和排
序可能可以习得。然而, 共患的动作及感觉障碍可 能影响对物体的功能使 用。
个体在身体照顾、 健康及安全方面完全依赖于他人,虽然其可能也能够参与其中一些活动。没有严重躯体损伤的个体可以协助一些家庭的日常工作,如端菜上桌。使用物体的简单活动可能是在高度持续的协助下参与一些职业活动的基础。娱乐活动可能涉及,如享受音乐、看电影、散步、水上活动,均需要他人帮助。共患的躯体及感觉障碍常常是参与
家庭、娱乐及工作活动的障碍 (除了观看) 。
在极少数个体存在不适应行为。
说明:
严重水平是通过适应功能,而非 IQ 水平来定义,因为所需帮助的水平是由适应功能决定的。此外,在低值 IQ 测试的可信度较低。
诊断特点:
智力障碍的基本特征是全面心智能力的缺陷
(诊断标准 A),及于个体在年龄、 性别、
社会文化相匹配的对照的日常适应功能的障碍 (诊断标准 B),起病与发育时期 (诊断标准 C),诊断应该基于临床评估及标准化的智力和适应功能评测的结合。
DSM 涉及到的调整:
1、 适应功能结构的调整: DSM 5将 DSM IV TR 中,适应功能涵盖包括沟通交际、自
我照顾、居家生活、社会/人际技能、社会资源运用、自我指示、功能性学科技
能、工作、休闲娱乐、健康和安全等 10 个方面,在其中至少两个方面存在缺陷即可认为适应功能存在缺陷,调整为概念、社交和实用三个领域,并规定在其中
一个领域存在缺陷即可诊断为适应功能缺陷。
2、 分类标准的调整: DSM 5将 DSM IV TR 中根据 IQ 分数对智力障碍进行分类调整为
根据个体适应功能缺陷的严重程度将智力障碍标注为轻度、中度、重度和极重度四种,并列举出了轻度、中度、重度和极重度患者在概念、社交和实用领域的表 现。“因为所需帮助的水平是由适应功能决定的。此外,在低值 IQ 测试的可信度
较低。”并且“可能影响测评分数的因素包括练习效应和“ Flynn 效应” ( 即由于 过时的测评常模造成过高分数 ) 。”“智商测评分数是对概念功能的粗略估计 , 不能充分地评估现实生活情况中的推理能力和对实用任务的掌握能力 , 例如,智 商得分 70 以上的个体可能在社交判断、 社交理解和适应功能的其他领域上有严重 的适应性行为问题 , 以致其实际功能与智商得分更低的个体的表现相当 , 因此 , 在
18 岁以前调
解释智商测评的结果时需要临床判断”
3、 障碍发生时间的调整: DSM 5将 DSM IV TR 中诊断标准是障碍发生在
整为发育时期。因为由于智力障碍成因的复杂性,很难严格定义障碍发生时间的范围,故而采取了更为宽泛的表达。
附:
DSM 5 原文
Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) is a disorder with onsetduringthe
developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioningdeficits inconceptual,social,andpracticaldomains.Thefollowingthreecriteriam ustbemet:
A. Deficitsinintellectualfunctions,suchasreasoning,problemsolving,planning,abstractthink
ing, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, confirmedbyboth clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligencetesting.
B. Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental andsocio-cultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility. Withoutongo-ing support, the adaptive deficits limit functioning in one or more activities of dailylife,such as communication, social participation, and independent living, acrossmultipleenvironments, such as home, school, work, andcommunity.
C. Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmentalperiod.
Note:Thediagnosticterm intellectualdisability istheequivalenttermfortheICD-11diag- nosisof in tellectualdevelopmentaldisorders. Althoughtheterm intellectualdisability is used
throughout this manual, both terms are used in the title to clarify relationshipswithother classification systems. Moreover, a federal statute in the United States (PublicLaw111- 256,Rosa ’ sLaw)replacesthetermmentalretardation with intellectualdisability, andresearchjournalsusetheterm inte//ecfua/disability. Thus, intellectualdisability isthe ter mincommonusebymedical,educational,andotherprofessionsandbythelaypublic and advocacygroups.
Coding note: The ICD-9-CM code for intellectual disability
(intellectualdevelopmentaldisorder)is319,whichisassignedregardlessoftheseverityspecifier. TheICD-10-CMcodedepends on the severity specifier (seebelow).
Specify currentseverity(seeTable1):(F7
0)Mild
(F71)Moderate(F72
)Severe(F73)Profou nd
Specifiers
Thevariouslevelsofseverityaredefinedonthebasisofadaptivefunctioning,andnotIQscores, because it is adaptive functioning that determines the level of supportsrequired.Moreover, IQ measures are less valid in the lower end of the IQrange.
DiagnosticFeatures
The essential features of intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)are deficits in general mental abilities (Criterion A) and impairment in everydayadaptive functioning, in comparison to an individual ’ sage-, gender-, and socioculturallymatchedpeers(CriterionB).Onsetisduringthedevelopmental period(CriterionC).Thediagnosisof intellectual disability is based on both clinical assessment and standardized testingofintellectual and adaptivefunctions.
TABLE
1 Severity levels for intellectual
disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
Severityl evel Conceptualdomain
Mild
Socialdomain
Practicaldomain
Forpreschoolchildren,there may be no
obviousconceptual differences. Forschool-agechildrenandadul ts,therearedifficulties in
learningaca- demicskillsinvolvin greading, writing, arithmetic, time,ormoney,withsupportnee dedinoneormoreareastomeetag e-related expectations.In adults, abstract
thinking,exec- utivefunction(i.e., planning,strategizing,
prioritysetting,andcognitivefle xibility),andshort-termmemory ,aswellasfunctional use ofacademicskills (e.g.,
reading,moneymanagement), areimpaired.Thereisasomewha tconcreteapproach to problemsand solutions comparedwith age-mates.
Compared with typically Theindividualmayfunctionage-appropriatelyinpers developingage-mates,theindividualisimmatur onalcare.Individualsneedsomesupportwithcomplex einsocialinteractions.Forexample,theremaybe dailylivingtasksincomparisontopeers.In adulthood, diffi- cultyinaccuratelyperceivingpeers c’supportssocial typically involve ues. Communication, conversation, groceryshop- ping,transportation,homeandchild-care
andlan- guagearemoreconcreteorimmaturetha organic-ing,nutritiousfoodpreparation,andbankinga n expectedforage.Theremaybedifficulties ndmoneymanagement.Recreationalskillsresembleth reg-ulatingemotionandbehaviorinage-appropri- oseofage-mates,althoughjudgment atefashion;thesedifficultiesarenoticedbypeersi relatedtowell-being and organization nsocialsituations.Thereislimitedunderstandin aroundrecreationrequires support. In gofriskinsocialsituations;socialjudgmentisim adulthood,competitiveemploymentisoftenseeninjob matureforage,and sthatdonotempha-sizeconceptualskills.Individualsg thepersonisatriskofbeingmanipulated by enerallyneedsupporttomakehealthcaredecisionsand others(gullibility). legaldecisions,andtolearntoperformaskilledvocation
competently.Supportistypicallyneededtoraiseafamil
y.
TABLE 1 Severity levels for intellectual
disability
(intellectual
developmental
disorder){continued]
Severity l evel Conceptualdomain Moderate
Socialdomain Practicaldomain
Allthroughdevelopment,thein The individual shows marked dividual ’ sconceptualskillslagmdifferencesfrom peersinsocialandcommunicati arkedlybehindthoseofpeers. vebehavior across development. Spoken For preschoolers,lan- guage and language pre-academicskillsdevelopslowl istypi- callyaprimarytoolforsocialcommunicati y.Forschool-agechildren,progre onbutismuchlesscomplexthanthatofpeers.Cap ssinreading,writing, acityforrelationshipsisevidentintiestofamilyan mathematics,andunderstandin dfriends,andtheindividualmayhavesuccessful g of timeandmoney occurs friendshipsacrosslifeandsometimesromanticre slowlyacrosstheschoolyearsan lationsinadulthood.However,individualsmay dismark-edly limited notperceiveorinterpretsocialcuesaccurately.So comparedwiththatofpeers.Fora cialjudg-mentanddecision-makingabilitiesarel dults,aca-demic skill im-ited,andcaretakersmustassisttheperson wit developmentistypically at h life decisions. Friendships anelementarylevel,andsupporti withtypically developingpeersareoftenaffected srequiredforalluseofacademics bycom-municationorsociallimitations.Signific killsinworkandpersonallife.On antsocialandcommunicativesupportisneeded i go-ingassistanceonadailybasisi n work settings forsuccess. sneededtocompleteconcep-tual tasksofday-to-daylife, andothers maytakeoverthese responsibiliti es fully fortheindividual. Theindividualcancareforpersonalneedsinvolvingeat
ing,dressing,elimination,andhygieneasanadult,altho ughanextendedperiodofteachingand timeisneededfor theindividualtobecomeindepen- dentintheseareas,and remindersmaybeneeded. Similarly, participation in all household tasks canbeachieved by adulthood, although anextendedperiodofteachingisneeded,andongoings upports will typically occur for adult-levelperformance. Independentemploymentinjobsthatrequirelim-ited conceptualandcommunicationskillscanbeachieved, butconsiderablesupportfromco-work-ers,superviso rs,andothersisneededtomanage social expectations, job complexities, andancillaryresponsibilities such as scheduling,transportation,health benefits, and money management. Avariety ofrecreationalskillscanbedeveloped.Theset ypi-callyrequireadditionalsupportsandlearning opp ortunities over an extended period oftime. Maladaptive behavior is present in asignificantminority and causes socialproblems.
TABLE
1 Severity levels
for intellectual disability (intellectual
developmental disorder)[confinzzed)
Severity l evel Severe
Conceptualdomain
Attainment of conceptualskillsis limited. The
individualgen-erally has
littleunderstanding ofwrittenlan guageorofcon- cepts
involvingnumbers, quantity, time, andmoney. Caretakers
provideextensivesupports for problemsolvingthroughoutlife.
Socialdomain
Practicaldomain
Profound Conceptual The individual has very
skillsgenerallyinvolvethephys limitedunderstanding ofsymboliccommunicatio icalworldratherthansymbolic ninspeechorges-ture.Heorshemayunderstand pro- cesses. The individual somesimple instructionsorgestures.Theindiv mayuseobjectsingoal-directedfas idual expresseshisorherowndesiresandemotio hion forself-care,work,andrecre- nslargely through nonverbal, ation.Certainvisuospatialskill nonsymboliccom- munication.Theindividualenj s,suchasmatchingand sorting oysrelation- shipswithwell-knownfamilyme
based on physicalchar-acteristics, mbers, caretakers,andfamiliarothers,andinitiat may beacquired. esandrespondstosocialinteractionsthroughges However, co-occurringmotorand turalandemotionalcues.Co-occurringsensorya sensory ndphysicalimpairmentsmaypre- vent many impairmentsmay preventfuncti socialactivities. onaluseofobjects.
Spokenlanguageisquitelimitedintermsof voc
abularyandgrammar.Speechmaybesin- glewor dsorphrasesandmaybesupple- mented through augmentative
means.Speechandcommunicationarefocusedon thehere and now within everyday events.
Languageisusedforsocialcommunicationmoret hanforexplication.Individualsunderstandsim ple speech and gestural
communication.Relation-shipswithfamilymemb ersandfamiliarothers areasourceofpleasureandh
elp.
Theindividualrequiressupportforallactivitiesof daily
living, including meals, dressing, bathing,and elimination.Theindividualrequiressuper visionatalltimes.Theindividualcannotmakeresponsi bledecisionsregardingwell-beingofselforothers.In ad ulthood,participationintasksathome,recre- ation, and work requires ongoing support andassis-tance.Skillacquisitioninalldomainsinvolvesl ong-termteachingandongoingsupport.Maladaptive b ehavior, including self-injury, is present in asignif-icantminority. Theindividualisdependentonothersforallaspectsofdaily physicalcare,health,andsafety,althoughheor shemaybe abletoparticipateinsomeoftheseactivi-tiesaswell.Indi
vidualswithoutseverephysical impairmentsmayassist withsomedailyworktasksathome,likecarryingdishestot hetable.Simpleactionswithobjectsmaybethebasisofparti cipationinsomevocationalactivitieswithhighlevelsofon goingsup-port.Recreationalactivitiesmayinvolve,forexa mple,enjoymentinlisteningtomusic,watchingmovies, goingoutforwalks,orparticipatinginwateractivi-ties, allwiththesupportofothers.Co-occurringphysicalan dsensoryimpairmentsarefrequentbarriersto participat ion(beyondwatching)inhome, recreational, and vocational
activities.Maladaptivebehaviorispresentinasignificant minority.
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