2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题
试卷代号：A卷考生须知
1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。
3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。一、Grammar,VocabularyandGeneralKnowledge
Directions:FindtheONEchoicethatbestcompletesthesentence.（每小题1分，共40小题，共40分）
1.WhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?A.Theyhaveenoughtimetofinishthepaper.B.Dadsaysthemeatisnotenoughcooked.C.Youarenotoldenoughtobuyalcohol.D.Sheplayswellenoughforabeginner.
2.In“Shefeltsickfromtiredness”,theitalicizedwordisusedtoindicateA.comparison.B.purpose.C.cause.D.direction.3.Whichofthefollowingsentenceshasanobjectcomplement?A.Iwillbuyyouapresent.B.Momgavemeanecklace.C.I’mgoingtopaintitpink.D.TomisteachingchildrenJapanese.
4.Smokingissoharmfultohealththatitkills____eachyearthanautomobileaccidents.A.moreseventimespeopleB.seventimesmorepeopleC.morepeopleseventimesD.peopleseventimesmore
5.SorryI’mlate.I____haveturnedoffthealarmclockandgonebacktosleepagain.A.mightB.shouldC.mustn’tD.couldn’t6.Mr.White,togetherwithallhiscolleagues,____forEuropethismorning.A.areleavingB.leaveC.isleavingD.aretoleave7.Thenewdesignedbedroomseemstobeagreatdeallargerthan____.A.itisnecessaryB.beingnecessaryC.tobenecessaryD.isnecessary
8.Hewasdeterminedtosailaroundtheworld____hisillnessandoldage.A.givenB.althoughC.despiteD.inspite
9.Mr.Whitehasbecomebad-temperedsinceheindulgesinGambling.Heisnolongertheman____usedtobe.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.that10.You____callyourfather’snamedirectly.It’simpoliteinChina.A.oughtn’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.wouldn’t11.Itisnot____muchhisappearanceIlikeashispersonality.
第1页共13页科目代码：622科目名称：基础英语
A.asB.veryC.soD.that
12.Thereismuchchance____Billwillrecoverfromhisinjuryintimefortherace.A.thatB.whichC.untilD.if13.Theydidtheexperiment____theirchemistryteacherhadinstructed.A.asB.thoughC.untilD.when14.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyes____ontheblackboard.A.fixingB.fixedC.arefixingD.arefixed
15.Idon’tthink____possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.A.thatB.thisC.youD.it16.Marywas____totearsbytheircriticism.A.sunkB.reducedC.forcedD.declined
17.Thepolicefortunatelygainedthekeyclewaccordingtothefootmarkinthe____oftheroad.A.clayB.dirtC.mudD.soil
18.Thesemagnificent____buildingsdemonstratethegreatintelligenceofthelaboring
people.A.antiqueB.ancientC.primitiveD.remote
19.Idon’tremembermeetinghim,butthenameJohnSmithringsabell.Theunderlinedpart
means____.A.isomittedB.iswarnedC.isappearingD.isfamiliar
20.Thesegoodsare____forexport,thoughafewofthemmaybesoldonthehome
market.A.essentiallyB.completelyC.necessarilyD.remarkably21.Foodwill____ifthetemperatureinyourfreezerrisesabove8℃.A.decayB.rotC.spoilD.corrupt22.Thesmallcompanyisn’t____ofhandlinganorderthatlarge.A.ableB.capableC.competentD.qualified23.Sometimesit’sgoodtostopforawhiletothinkaboutthepastand____thefuture.A.contaminateB.contemplateC.consolidateD.contradict
24.Schoolfees,illness,houserepairsandother____havereducedhisbankbalancetoalmost
nothing.A.paymentB.amountC.figuresD.expenses
25.Manypeople,includingcollegestudentsofallages,spendlittletimein____ofphysical
fitness.A.searchB.viewC.lightD.pursuit26.There’snodenyingthatasweage____,ourbodyagesrightalongwithus.A.chronologicallyB.significantlyC.deceptivelyD.deliberately
27.Wemadeaneffortnottoleavemyfriendoutinthecoldwhenwewereplanningthe
birthdayparty.Theunderlinedpartmeans____.A.embarrassB.humiliateC.ignoreD.exhaust28.Thecompanyhastomakeitsaccountsandoperationsas____aspossible.A.distinctB.evidentC.explicitD.transparent29.Hisabilitytoabsorbinformationwasastonishing,buthisconcentration____wasshort.A.gapB.intervalC.spanD.distance
第2页共13页30.Sheisgenerally____asoneofthebestmodernpoets.A.classedB.gradedC.rankedD.rated31.____isgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.A.TheGloriousRevolutionB.TheEnglishReformationC.TheRenaissanceD.TheEnglishCivilWar32.IntheUS,thelargestcityalongthePacificCoastis____A.SanFranciscoB.LosAngeles.C.Seattle.D.Chicago.
33.InFaulkner’sTheSoundandtheFury,heusedthetechniqueof____,inwhichthewholestorywastoldthroughthethoughtsofacharacter.A.imagismB.streamofconsciousnessC.naturalismD.symbolism34.PercyByssheShelleydidnotwrite____A.SongofMyself.B.PrometheusUnbound.C.OdetotheWestWind.D.QueenMab.35.____isnotamodernistnovelistofBritain.A.JamesJoyceB.VirginiaWoolfC.D.H.LawrenceD.HenryJames
36.____isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofaffixes,
suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdon’tchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.A.WordformationB.InflectionC.CompoundD.Derivation37.OnewaytoanalyzelexicalmeaningisA.predicationanalysis.B.stylisticanalysis.C.componentialanalysis.D.propositionanalysis.38.____isNOTthecharacteristicofconversationalimplicature.A.CalculabilityB.CancellabilityC.DetachabilityD.Non-conventionality
39.Asoundpronouncedwiththevocalcordsvibratingissaidtobe____sound.A.voicelessB.voicedC.consonantD.resonant40.Whichfunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage?A.Informative.B.Interpersonal.C.Performative.D.Emotive.二、Cloze
Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoicesmarked[A]，[B]，[C]and[D].YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.（每小题1分，共20小题，共20分）
AccordingtoBT'sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.
Pearsonhas__1__togethertoworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproducea__2__millenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkey__3__anddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includingan__4__lifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorgans__5__intousebetweennowand2040.
第3页共13页Pearsonalso__6__abreakthroughincomputerhumanlinks.“Bylinking__7__toournervoussystem,computerscouldpickup__8__wefeeland,hopefully,simulate__9__toosothatwecanstartto__10__fullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.
Butthat,Pearsonpoints__11__,isonlythestartofman-machine__12__:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwill__13__leadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”__14__hisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillno__15__forwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbe__16__,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.
Buthedoes__17__socialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,__18__problemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsynthetic__19__robotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeableto__20__betweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.
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meetingsvaluableexpectcollectlivelydeviate
三、ReadingComprehension（选择题每小题1分，共10小题；填空题每小题1分，共8小题；简答题每小题2分，共11小题；共40分）PASSAGEONE
TheWork-LifeBalance
ThismonththeTUCiscampaigningagainst,whatitcalls,Britain's\"longhoursculture\".ButdotheBritishactuallyworktoolong?Andifwedo,isitdoingus,orsocietyatlarge,any
第4页共13页harm?
Overthepast150yearsworkinghoursacrossthedevelopedworldhavebeenfalling.Inthemid-nineteenthcenturymeninBritain,inpaidemployment,workedforatleast55hoursperweek.Hoursworkedthenbeganasteadydrop--theriseoftradeunionismisoneexplanation,butthen,aftertheFirstWorldWartheyplateaued.From1951onwardstheydroppedagainbutthisfallwasbroughttoasuddenhaltin1981withtheonsetofthederegulatoryeconomicpoliciesoftheThatcheryears.Workinghoursreachedahighin1997whentheUKaveragenumberofhoursworkedhit45.8perweek,fallingto44.3hoursperweekin2004.
ThemainreasonforthisrecentdeclinehasbeentheimpactofEU'sWorkingTimeDirectivewhichstipulatedthatnoonecouldworkmorethan48hoursinaweek,unlessspecialexemptionhadbeenjointlyappliedforbybothemployersandemployees.Nonetheless,inEuropeanterms,wearestilldoingbadlyintermsofhoursworked--Britishworkersareatthetop,orbottom,ofthehourscharts,dependingonyourpointofview.In2004BritishworkersputinalmosttwoandahalfhoursmoreperweekthantheaverageEuropeanworker--althoughthatwasanimprovementon2001whenthegapwasthreeandaquarterhours.
Intermsofactualhoursworked,forthosefortunateenoughtobelivingandworkingintheNetherlandstheaveragewasjust38.8hoursaweek,whilstforthoseunfortunateenoughtobeworkinginBritain,theaveragewas43.5hours.WorkersinourclosestEuropeancompetitors,FranceandGermany,worked38.9hoursand39.6hoursperweekrespectively.Andyet,accordingtoresearchbothFrenchandGermanworkersarearound20%moreproductivethantheirBritishcounterparts.Andwedoequallybadlywhenitcomestoholidays.TheEuropeanaverageforannualpaidleaveis26.5daysperyear--againtheUKisnearthebottomoftheleaguewithanaverageof24.5daysofannualleave.
However,theserawfiguresdon'ttellthewholestory.Duringthe1980sand1990sitwasfashionabletopredictthatthe\"revolutioninwork\"hadbegun.Businessguruswereforecastingthatthethencurrentworknorm,inwhichthemajorityoftheworkforcewereinfull-timeemploymentatplacesofworkawayfromhomewouldgivewaytothemajorityhavingportfoliosofpart-time,temporaryjobs,withmanyworkingeitherfromhomeorfrommobileofficeenvironments.Thiswouldresultinablurringbetweenworkandhome,leisure,andemployment--thusconcernsabouthoursworkedwouldbecomelittlemorethanofhistoricalinterest.
ThisviewisbackedupbyMichaelMoynaghinWorkingintheTwenty-FirstCentury.Afterexaminingtrendsinworkingtimeoverthepasttwentyyears,andcastingtheirfindingsforward,theyconclude:\"Onbalanceitislikelythatcontractedworkingtimewillcontinuetodrop,ifslowlyandintermittently\".
Accordingtotheresearchproject\"TheFutureofWork\"ledbyProfessorPeterNolanofLeedsUniversity,thenotionthatthenatureofworkischangingradicallyissystematicallydemolished.
BasedonanationwidesurveyofemployeesProfessorNolanreportsthattheprojectfoundthat,contrarytothisconventionalwisdom,the\"endofwork\"scenariohadnotcometopass.Infactthe1990shadseenagrowth,notacontraction,intheproportionofemployeesinfull-timepermanentjobs.In2000,92%ofworkerswereinpermanentworkcomparedwith
第5页共13页88%eightyearsearlier.Andin2000only5.5%saidtheywereworkingonatemporarycontract,comparedwith7.2%in1992.\"SuchstartlingfiguresdonotsuggestBritainisrapidlydevelopingamoreflexiblelabourmarketwhenmeasuredbytheextentofemploymentstability.Indeed,thepermanentjobremainsverymuchtheoverwhelmingnormandthisistrueacrosseveryoccupationalcategory.\"
Norwasthenotionof\"goingtowork\"indecline.Theresearchersfoundthatmostpeoplestillleavetheirhomesforpaidemployment,only3%ofemployeessaidtheyworkedpartlyathomeandafurther1.1%saidtheyworkedsolelyormainlyathome.
Thus,argumentsaboutworkingtimearestillverycentraltodebatesaboutthenatureoftheworkexperience.TheFutureofWorksurveyfoundthatdissatisfactionwiththehoursthatpeoplewerehavingtoworkhadincreaseddramatically.In199235%ofmenweresatisfiedwiththeirhours,by2000thishadfallento20%;thedeclineamongwomenemployeeswasevensharper,downfrom51%in1992to29%in2000.Andthisdeclinewas,intermsofsocialclass,acrosstheboard.
ProfessorJonathanGershunyisanexpertonthework-lifebalance.Hepaidparticularattention,notjusttopaidworkbuttotworelatedissues--women'sunpaidworkandleisuretime.Gershunynoteshowleisuretimeitselfhasbecomeincreasinglycongestedaspeoplehavelessandlesstimeto\"consume\"moreandmoreleisure.HequotesfromAmericansociologistSteffanLinder,whonotedthataspartandparceloftheir\"success\"theharriedexecutivemightbuythemselvesayacht;andyetthetimetheymakeavailabletoenjoytheirleisureactivitiesdiminishesthemoresuccessfultheybecome.Gershunypaintsapictureoftheharriedexecutivehavingtoplantheirleisuretimealmostasrigorouslyastheyplantheirworkingday.
Healsocastshiseyeovertheunpaidworkthatismainlydonebywomeninthehome.Henoteshow,despitethespreadof\"labour-saving\"devices,thetimewomenspendondomesticchoreshadnotreduced,ifanythingithadgoneup.Thisisbecause,asdomesticworkhasbecomeeasierso\"standards\"haverisen--roomsthatweresweptonceaweekarenowsweptonceadayandmealsthatwerecookedsimplytobenourishingnowhadtobe\"interesting\"aswell.Gershunyreportsthatwomenonaveragespend45-hoursaweekonunpaiddomesticwork;butwheretheyhadafull-timejobthistimewentdownto22hoursaweek.Formen,hisresearchshowedthatirrespectiveofwhetherornottheywereinfull-timeworktheyspentanunderwhelming30minutesadayondomesticchores.NodoubtmanyofthosesamemenwouldprivatelyapplaudthesentimentsexpressedinaJapaneseresearchreportthatconcluded:\"Housewivesbynatureenjoydoinghousework.Forhousewives,itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenhouseworkandleisure.\"Thenagain,perhapsnot,astimeshavemovedonsomewhat.Questions1-4
Choosethebestanswer.
1.WhichstatementbestdescribesthechangeofBritishworkinghours?
A.Overthepast150years,Britishworkinghoursfluctuatedbyaslongas10hours.
B.Britishworkersworked3hourslongereveryweekthantheirEuropeancounterpartsin2001.
C.BritishworkersworkedlongerthanFrenchandGermanworkerswithhigherproductivity.
第6页共13页D.Britishworkershavetheleastannualpaidleave.
2.Whatdoesthesentence\"thusconcernsabouthoursworkedwouldbecomelittlemorethanofhistoricalinterest\"imply?
A.SincethereisnowildchangeinBritishworkinghours,theforecastingofworknormlostmeaning.
B.Thereisnopointinconcerningaboutworkinghourssinceitishardtoseparateemploymentandleisure.
C.Thenotionthatthenatureofworkhaschangedisnotright.D.Theendofworkscenariomakesresearchimpossible.
3.WhatcanweseefromtheresearchfindingsofMichaelMoynaghandPeterNolan?A.Theyagreedthatinthefuture,contractedworkingtimewilldecrease.
B.TheyagreedthatmoreBritishwouldliketoworkfrommobileofficeenvironments.C.TheyhavedifferentconclusionsandforecastsaboutBritishworkingtime.D.Bothareagainstconventionalwisdomthattheendofworkhascome.4.ProfessorJonathanGershunynotesthat______.
A.mentakeovermosthouseworkwhenwomenareinfull-timework
B.peopleworkharderinfreetimetoconsumewhattheyproduceinworktimeC.ifyouaretopmanagers,youhavemoreleisuretimeavailableD.womenspendlesstimeondomesticchoreslatelyQuestions5-9
AnswerthefollowingquestionsbrieflybyusingNOMORETHANTENwords.5.Whatistheresultofworkingfromhomeormobileofficeenvironments?
6.Whatarethepercentagesofpeopleworkingpartlyathomeandsolelyathomerespectively?
7.Whatisthedominantworkingnorm?
8.Whichphraseexpressesthemeaningthatbothmanagersandmanualworkerscomplainaboutthelonghoursculture?
9.WhatisoneofthetwoissuesthatProfessorJonathanGershunypaidspecialattentionto.Questions10-12
CompletethefollowingsentenceswithNOMORETHANTHREEwords.
10.AccordingtotheFutureofWorksurvey,womenare______________________dissatisfiedwiththeirworkinghours.
11.Themoresuccessfulpeopleare,the_____________________timetheyhavetoenjoythemselves.
12.Theappearanceof_____________________actuallyincreasedtimeofdoingdomesticchores.PASSAGETWO
Alreadypenitentforhisangryaction,buttoostubborntomakeamends,Masontoiledonattheheadofthecavalcade,littledreamingthatdangerhoveredintheair.Thetimberclusteredthickintheshelteredbottom,andthroughthistheythreadedtheirway.Fiftyfeetormorefromthetrailtoweredaloftypine.Forgenerationsithadstoodthere,andforgenerationsdestinyhadhadthisoneendinview--perhapsthesamehadbeendecreedof
第7页共13页Mason.
Hestoopedtofastentheloosenedthongofhismoccasin.Thesledscametoahalt,andthedogslaydowninthesnowwithoutawhimper.Thestillnesswasweird;notabreathrustledthefrost-encrustedforest;thecoldandsilenceofouterspacehadchilledtheheartandsmotethetremblinglipsofnature.Asighpulsedthroughtheair--theydidnotseemtoactuallyhearit,butratherfeltit,likethepremonitionofmovementinamotionlessvoid.Thenthegreattree,burdenedwithitsweightofyearsandsnow,playeditslastpartinthetragedyoflife.Heheardthewarningcrashandattemptedtospringupbut,almosterect,caughttheblowsquarelyontheshoulder.
Thesuddendanger,thequickdeath--howoftenhadMalemuteKidfacedit!Thepineneedleswerestillquiveringashegavehiscommandsandsprangintoaction.NordidtheIndiangirlfaintorraisehervoiceinidlewailing,asmightmanyofherwhitesisters.Athisorder,shethrewherweightontheendofaquicklyextemporizedhandspike,easingthepressureandlisteningtoherhusband'sgroans,whileMalemuteKidattackedthetreewithhisax.Thesteelrangmerrilyasitbitintothefrozentrunk,eachstrokebeingaccompaniedbyaforced,audiblerespiration,the'Huh!''Huh!'ofthewoodsman.AtlasttheKidlaidthepitiablethingthatwasonceamaninthesnow.Butworsethanhiscomrade'spainwasthedumbanguishinthewoman'sface，theblendedlookofhopeful，hopelessquery.Littlewassaid；thoseoftheNorthlandareearlytaughtthefutilityofwordsandtheinestimablevalueofdeeds.Withthetemperatureatsixty-fivebelowzero，amancannotliemanyminutesinthesnowandlive.Sothesledlashingswerecut，andthesufferer，rolledinfurs，laidonacouchofboughs.Beforehimroaredafire，builtoftheverywoodwhichwroughtthemishap.Behindandpartiallyoverhimwasstretchedtheprimitivefly--apieceofcanvas，whichcaughttheradiatingheatandthrewitbackanddownuponhim--atrickwhichmenmayknowwhostudyphysicsatthefount.
Andmenwhohavesharedtheirbedwithdeathknowwhenthecallissounded.Masonwasterriblycrushed.Themostcursoryexaminationrevealedit.Hisrightarm，leg，andbackwerebroken；hislimbswereparalyzedfromthehips；andthelikelihoodofinternalinjurieswaslarge.Anoccasionalmoanwashisonlysignoflife.
Nohope；nothingtobedone.Thepitilessnightcreptslowlyby--Ruth'sportion，thedespairingstoicismofherrace，andMalemuteKidaddingnewlinestohisfaceofbronze.Infact，Masonsufferedleastofall，forhespenthistimeineasternTennessee，intheGreatSmokyMountains，livingoverthescenesofhischildhood.Andmostpatheticwasthemelodyofhislong-forgottenSouthernvernacular，asheravedofswimmingholesandcoon-huntsandwatermelonraids.ItwasasGreektoRuth，buttheKidunderstoodandfelt--feltasonlyonecanfeelwhohasbeenshutoutforyearsfromallthatcivilizationmeans.
Morningbroughtconsciousnesstothestrickenman，andMalemuteKidbentclosertocatchhiswhispers.
“YourememberwhenweforegatheredontheTanana，fouryearscomenexticerun?Ididn'tcaresomuchforherthen.Itwasmorelikeshewaspretty，andtherewasasmackofexcitementaboutit，Ithink.Butd'yeknow，I'vecometothinkaheapofher.She'sbeenagoodwifetome，alwaysatmyshoulderinthepinch.Andwhenitcomestotrading，youknowthereisn'therequal.D'yerecollectthetimesheshottheMoosehornRapidstopullyouandmeoffthatrock，thebulletswhippingthewaterlikehailstones--andthetimeofthefamineat
第8页共13页Nuklukyeto--orwhensheracedtheice-runtobringthenews？Yes，she'sbeenagoodwifetome，better'nthatotherone.Didn'tknowI'dbeenthere？Nevertoldyou，eh?Well，Itrieditonce，downintheStates.That'swhyI'mhere.Beenraisedtogether，too.Icameawaytogiveherachancefordivorce.Shegotit.”
“Butthat'sgotnothingtodowithRuth.IhadthoughtofcleaningupandpullingfortheOutsidenextyear--herandI--butit'stoolate.Don'tsendherbacktoherpeople，Kid.It'sbeastlyhardforawomantogoback.Thinkofit!--nearlyfouryearsonourbaconandbeansandflouranddriedfruit，andthentogobacktoherfishandcaribou.It'snotgoodforhertohavetriedourways，tocometoknowthey'rebetter'nherpeople's，andthenreturntothem.Takecareofher，Kid--whydon'tyou--butno，youalwaysfoughtshyofthem--andyounevertoldmewhyyoucametothiscountry.Bekindtoher，andsendherbacktotheStatesassoonasyoucan.Butfixitsoshecancomeback--liabletogethomesick，youknow.”
“Andtheyoungster--it'sdrawnuscloser，Kid.Ionlyhopeitisaboy.Thinkofit--fleshofmyflesh，Kid.Hemustn'tstopinthiscountry.Andifit'sagirl，why，shecan't.Sellmyfurs；they'llfetchatleastfivethousand，andI'vegotasmuchmorewiththecompany.Andhandlemyinterestswithyours.Ithinkthatbenchclaimwillshowup.Seethathegetsagoodschooling；andKid，aboveall，don'tlethimcomeback.Thiscountrywasnotmadeforwhitemen.”
“I'magoneman，Kid.Threeorfoursleepsatthebest.You'vegottogoon.Youmustgoon!Remember，it'smywife，it'smyboy--OGod!Ihopeit'saboy!Youcan'tstaybyme--andIchargeyou，adyingman，topullon.”
Questions13-15
Choosethebestanswer.
13.WhatisNOTtrueaboutMason’saccident?
A.Hewasstruckbyanoldpineontheshoulderandcrushed.
B.Itwaspossiblehisorganshadbeeninjuredinadditiontobrokenbones.C.Hesufferedagreatdealashelaywaitingfordeath.
D.Hewaslaidonsomebranchesbyagreatfireinanattempttorecover.14.WhatdoweknowaboutMason’swifeaccordingtothetext?
A.Sheiswhitelikehim.
B.SheisnotMason’sonlyspouseinlife.C.Shehasbeentohishometown.D.SheunderstandsGreek.
15.Whatisimpliedaboutthecharacter’slivesfromthepassage?
A.Sledswerethemainmethodoftransportation.B.Themajorsourceofincomewasfurtrading.C.Theyhadtobecalmandresourcefulinthewild.D.Thefarnorthisnotsuitableforwhitepeople.Questions16-17
AnswerthefollowingquestionsbrieflybyusingNOMORETHANTENwords.16.WhydoesMasonthinkRuthisagoodwife?17.Whatwas“fly”inparagraph3usedfor?
第9页共13页PASSAGETHREE
Natureversusculture
Towhatextenthaveindigenouspeoplessufferedatthehandsofconservation?
WhenUSprimatologistDianFosseyarrivedinRwandatostudythemountaingorillasoftheParcsdesVolcansinSeptember1967,herimmediateconcernwasthattheirhabitatwasbeingerodedbyhumanactivity.Asthegovernmentandwildlifeauthoritieswereturningablindeye,shetookthelawintoherownhandsandorganisedpatrolstodriveoutthosesheconsideredtobeintrudersinthepark.
Manyofthosetargetedwerelocalfarmerswhoweregrazingcattleandgrowingcrops,collectingwater,woodandbambooorhuntingsmallmammals.ButtheVirungaMountainswerealsohometotheBatwa,pygmyhunter-gathererswho,forthousandsofyears,hadlivedontheirforestedslopes.FosseytookaninstantdisliketotheBatwaandadopted-vigilantetacticstoensuretheystayedawayfrom\"her\"gorillas.
WhileFossey'sactionsrepresentedahugeinconveniencefortheBahutuandBatutsifarmers,fortheBatwatheyproveddevastating.Theforestwasintegraltotheirlifestyle:itprovidedthemwithfoodandmedicineandwasthecentreoftheirculturalactivities.Withoutit,theybecamedestitute.Theyhadneithertheskillsnortheresourcestobecomefarmersandweregivennocompensationoralternative.Consideredsecond-classcitizens--unclean,stupid,untrustworthy--bytheirneighbours,theywereforcedtoliveinhovelsonthefringesofvillages,scratchingaroundinwastelandtoekeoutaliving.Bytheearly1990s,beggingwasthemainsourceofincomefor70percentofRwandanBatwa.
TheexperienceoftheBatwaisonesharedbymillionsofindigenouspeoplesaroundtheworldwhohavesufferedatthehandsofconservation.\"Historicallytheimpactofprotectedareashasbeenverynegativebecausetherightsofthelocalcommunitiesofindigenouspeopleshaven'tbeentakenintoaccount,\"saysMarcusColchester,directoroftheForestPeoples'Programme,aUKorganisationthatpromotestheinterestsofindigenouspeoplesaroundtheworld.\"Theestablishmentofparksandreserveshasoftenrequiredtheirforcedremovalandplacedseverelimitsontheirrightsofaccessanduseofnaturalresources.Hence,therehasbeenalotofconflict,impoverishment,sufferingandculturalloss.\"
Thetraditionalfence-and-guardsapproachtoconservationgrewoutoftheUSnationalparksmovementofthelate19thcentury,whichbeganpreservingareasof'natural'wildernessforrecreationalpurposes.Ecologistssubsequentlydecidedthatnatureshouldbepreservedinapristineform,uncontaminatedbyhumanactivity.
Overthepast40years,conservationofbiodiversityhasbecomeanincreasinglyhigh-profiletopicandtherehasbeenacorrespondingriseinthenumberofprotectedareas.AccordingtotheWorldConservationUnion(IUCN)therewerejustover1,000in1962;todaytherearemorethan102,000,coveringaterrestrialareaof17.1millionsquarekilometres,11.5percentoftheworld'sland.
Todate,therehasn'tbeenanyconclusiveresearchintotheextenttowhichestablishingtheseareasaffectsindigenouspeoples.Butmostprotectedareaswereinhabitedatonetime.In2000,WWFestimatedthat86percentofSouthAmerica'snationalparkswereinhabitedbypeople,mostofthemindigenous,and90percentofprotectedareasintheAmericasasawholehostedindigenouspeoples.
However,itisn'tjusttheindigenouspeopleswhohavelostouttothetraditionalmodelof
第10页共13页conservation.Recentstudieshaveshownthatsomeecosystemsaremaintainedbytraditionalland-managementpractices.Whentheindigenousinhabitantshavebeenforcedtomove,levelsofbiodiversitycandropdramatically.
Inaddition,localpeoplehavefrequentlyreactedangrilywhenforcedtoacceptschemesthatexcludeaccesstoprotectedareas.Thisputstheareas'long-termsustainabilityinjeopardy,saysColchester.\"If[protectedareas]arebesetbypeoplewithgrievancestheyendupbecomingmanagementnightmares,\"hesays.\"Theirregulationsbecomeunworkablebecausetheyhaven'ttakenintoaccountpeople'slivelihoods.\"
Insomecases,wildlifehassufferedasadirectresultoftheimpositionofunworkablemanagementplans.Inspiteofbeingexcludedfromparksandreserves,localpeoplehavefrequentlycontinuedtouseresourcescovertly,oftenwithlittleregardforwhatisnolongertheirresponsibility.It'sestimatedthattherewasmoreforestlossinSagarmartha(Qomolangma)NationalParkinthefouryearsfollowingitsestablishmentthanintheprevious20.
Inextremecases,theseconflictshaveledtorevengeattacks.MaasaipastoralistsinAmboseliNationalParkinKenyatooktokillinglions,rhinosandelephantsafterrelationswithauthoritiessoured.AndinMadhyaPradeshandAssaminIndia,localresidentstookouttheirangerontigerandbuffaloreserves.
\"It'sneitherfairtothepeoplewhoselanditisnoraneffectivemethodofconservationtocreateadisgruntledanddisenfranchisedpopulationaroundtheedgesofprotectedareas,\"saysJonathanMazower,researchcoordinatorofSurvivalInternational.Indeed,accordingtoColchester,therightsofindigenouspeoplesmustberespectedifconservation'slong-termgoalsaretobeachieved.\"itwillgivetheseareasgreatersecurity,becausetheywillhavegreaterconsensusaroundthem.Andifindigenousterritoriescanbeacceptedinawidersenseasapowerfulwayofprotectingnature,thenotherverylargeareascanbebroughtintosomesortofprotection.\"
Questions18-20
Choosethebestanswer.18.DianFossey______.
A.believeditisthegovernment'sresponsibilitytoenforcelawstoprotectwildlife.
B.believedthathumanactivityshouldnotbeallowedinthehabitatofthemountaingorillas.
C.illegallydroveoutthepeoplewhowereconsideredintrudersfromthepark.D.helpedthegovernmentenforcelawsinthehabitatofthemountaingorillas.19.AfterDianFossey'sarrival,mostoftheBatwapeople______.A.becamehunter-gathersintheforest.
B.lefttheforestandturnedtobeggingforaliving.C.weregivencompensationandlearnedotherskills.D.becamefarmersintheVirungamountains.20.Thefollowingstatementsaretrueexcept______.
A.Thetraditionalmodelofconservationhadanegativeimpactonbothnatureandculture.B.Indigenouspeoplehadtoberemovedfromtheirlandfortheestablishmentofparksandreserves.
第11页共13页C.Indigenouspeople'sfightstotheirlandhadbeenseriouslyviolated.
D.Thetraditionalmodelofconservationpromotedtheinterestsoftheindigenouspeople.Questions21-24
AnswerthefollowingquestionsbrieflybyusingNOMORETHANTENwords.21.Wheredidtheoriginalapproachtoconservationoriginate?22.Whatwasthepurposeoftheearlynationalparks?
23.Inwhatwaydidecologiststhinknatureshouldbepreserved?24.Whatpercentageoftheworld'slandhasbeenprotected?
Questions25-29
CompletethefollowingsentenceswithNOMORETHANTHREEwords.
25.Sofar,itisstillinconclusivehowmuchindigenouspeoplehavebeenaffectedby_____________________.
26.Traditionalland-managementpracticesoftendenylocalpeople_____________________protectedareas.
27.Theprotectedareas'_____________________isaffectedwhenregulationsfailtotakepeople'slivelihoodintoaccount.
28.Unworkablemanagementplansoftenleadtothedeteriorationof___________________.29.Respectingtherightsofindigenouspeopleswillgiveprotectedareas________________.四、LanguageUsage
Directions:ThepassagecontainsTENerrors.EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectit.（每小题2分，共10题，共20分）EXAMPLE
When∧artmuseumwantsanewexhibit,(1)anitneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangs(2)neverthemonthewall.Whenanaturalhistorymuseumwantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit.(3)exhibitProofreadthegivenpassageasinstructed.
Asummaryofthephysicalandchemicalnatureoflifemustbegin;notontheEarth,butintheSun;infact,attheSun’sverycenter.It’sherethatistobefoundthesourceoftheenergythattheSunconstantlypoursoutintospaceaslightandheat.This
1._____________2._____________
energyisliberatedatthecenteroftheSunasbillionsonbillionsof3._____________nucleihydrogenatomscollidewitheachotherandfusetogethertoformnucleiofhelium,and,indoingso,releasessomeoftheenergythatisstoredinthenucleiofatoms.Theoutputoflightand
第12页共13页4._____________
heatoftheSunrequiresthatsome600milliontonsofhydrogenareconvertedintoheliumintheSuneverysecond.
5._____________
ThistheSunhasbeendoneforseveralthousandsofmillionsof6._____________years.
ThenuclearenergyisreleasedattheSun’scenterashigh-energygammaradiation,aformofelectro-magneticradiationlikelightandradiowaves,onlyofverymuchshortwavelength.ThisgammaradiationisabsorbedbyatomsinsidetheSun,tobe
reemittedatslightlongerwavelengths.Thisradiation,initsturn,is8._____________absorbedandreemitted.Attheenergyfiltersthroughthelayersofthesolarinterior,itpassesthroughtheX-raypartofthespectrum,andeventuallybecominglight.Atthisstage,ithasreachedwhatwecallthesolarsurface,andcanescapeintospace,withoutbeingabsorbedFartherbysolaratoms.AverysmallfractionoftheSun’slightandheatemittedinsuchdirectionsthat,afterpassingunhinderedthroughinterplanetaryspace,ithitstheEarth.
五、Paraphrasethefollowingsentences（每小题3分，共10题，共30分）1.Thisisperhapsourmosthighlyinfluentialpieceoffiction.
2.Despitetheunrelentingheat,wewerehappytobeletofffromourhoursofschoolindoors,sessionswhichourmotherkepteveryday,rainorshine.
3.Shedidnotaskme---wasitdelicacyordisapproval?---aboutmynewlife.
4.NorcanonesuggestthatAmericanshavebeenconsistentlyvulnerabilitytosecularideologyeverafter.
5.IfyougototheHotGates,takehistoricalknowledgeandimagination.6.Thespoilsofwarincludesomeofourmostcherishedvaluesandliberties.7.Mybrain,thatprecisioninstrument,slippedintohighgear.
8.Manenjoysagreementascowswillgrazeallthesamewayonthesideofahill.
9.IbelievewithShakespearethattherearemorethingsinheavenandearththanaredreamedofinthephilosophyofthosewhoservetheworld,andwhoadministeritsinstitutions,andgrowrich.
10.Ofcourse,anybodywhoknowsanythingaboutNewYorkknowsthecity’sessential
platitude---thatyoudon’twanderaroundCentralParkatnight---andinthat,needlesstosay,wastheappeal;itwasthethingyoudon’tdo.
10.____________9._____________7._____________
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